3Rs (Replace, Reduce, Refine)

The 3Rs—Replace, Reduce, and Refine—are guiding principles for ethical animal research. "Replace" means using non-animal methods whenever possible, such as computer models or cell cultures. "Reduce" involves minimizing the number of animals used to get reliable results, ensuring no excess animals are involved. "Refine" focuses on improving techniques to lessen pain, suffering, or distress for animals that are used. These principles promote more humane and responsible scientific practices, balancing the need for research with animals’ welfare.