3Rs (Reduce, Replace, Refine)

The 3Rs—Reduce, Replace, and Refine—are guiding principles for ethical and responsible use of animals in scientific research. "Reduce" means using the fewest animals necessary to achieve valid results, minimizing their numbers. "Replace" involves substituting animal methods with alternatives like computer models or cell cultures whenever possible. "Refine" focuses on modifying procedures to minimize pain, suffering, and distress for animals that are used. Together, these principles aim to promote more humane research practices, balancing scientific advancement with animal welfare.