3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement)

The 3Rs principle — Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement — guides ethical research involving animals. Replacement means using alternative methods like computer models or cell cultures instead of animals when possible. Reduction involves designing experiments to use the fewest animals necessary to achieve reliable results, minimizing waste. Refinement focuses on modifying procedures to minimize pain, stress, or suffering for the animals involved. Overall, these principles promote more humane and responsible research practices, balancing scientific progress with animal welfare.