30 Years' War

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was a major European conflict primarily fought in the Holy Roman Empire. It began as a religious dispute between Protestants and Catholics but evolved into a broader struggle for political power among European states. The war involved many nations and resulted in widespread destruction, shifting borders, and significant loss of life. It concluded with the Peace of Westphalia, which recognized religious tolerance and laid foundations for modern state sovereignty. The war profoundly impacted Europe’s political and religious landscape, fostering greater state independence and shaping modern diplomatic relations.