3. James Marion Sims

James Marion Sims was a 19th-century American surgeon often called the "father of modern gynecology." He is most known for developing surgical techniques to treat conditions related to childbirth, particularly fistulas, which are severe injuries that can occur after delivery. However, his legacy is controversial due to his use of enslaved Black women in experiments without anesthesia, raising ethical concerns about consent and human rights. While his medical contributions advanced women's health, they also highlight the importance of ethical practices in medicine and the need to acknowledge the historical context of medical advancements.