2D Fourier transform

A 2D Fourier transform is a mathematical tool that converts a two-dimensional image into its basic building blocks, called frequencies. Think of an image as a mix of various patterns—some smooth, some detailed. The transform breaks down these patterns to show how much of each frequency (like waves of different sizes) make up the image. This helps in processes like image compression, filtering, and analysis, by revealing the underlying structure. Essentially, it changes from a visual space to a frequency space, providing insight into the image's composition in terms of repetitive patterns and details.