20th-century papacy

The 20th-century papacy saw the Catholic Church navigate rapid global changes, including two World Wars, technological advancements, and evolving social norms. Popes like Pius XI and John XXIII addressed issues such as peace, social justice, and religious reform. Vatican II (1962-65), initiated by John XXIII, modernized Church practices and improved relations with other faiths. Popes also faced challenges from secularization, political conflicts, and scandals but aimed to maintain church teachings while engaging with contemporary society. Overall, the era marked a period of adaptation, renewal, and increased dialogue between the Church and the modern world.