19th century Southeast Asia

The 19th century in Southeast Asia was marked by colonial expansion, with European powers like Britain, France, and the Netherlands establishing control over regions such as Burma, Indochina, and the Dutch East Indies. Local kingdoms often struggled to maintain independence amidst these pressures. The period also saw significant social and economic changes, including the spread of modern infrastructure, trade, and cultural exchanges. Indigenous societies faced challenges balancing tradition with new influences, leading to political shifts that laid the groundwork for 20th-century independence movements. Overall, this century was a time of transformation driven by external colonization and internal adaptation.