19th-century social work

Nineteenth-century social work emerged as a response to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and growing social inequalities. Pioneered by missionaries, philanthropists, and reformers, it aimed to address poverty, poor living conditions, and child welfare. Early practitioners focused on charity, moral improvement, and settlement work—living in impoverished neighborhoods to better understand and assist residents. The approach was rooted in both moralistic beliefs and emerging ideas about social justice, laying the groundwork for modern social services. This period marked the transition from informal charity to more organized, professional efforts to improve social conditions and advocate for marginalized populations.