19th-century Russia

19th-century Russia was a time of significant change and turmoil. It began as an autocracy under Tsar Nicholas I, characterized by strict control and repression. The century saw the rise of reform movements, most notably the Decembrists' revolt in 1825 and significant reforms under Tsar Alexander II, including the emancipation of serfs in 1861. Industrialization began to take hold, leading to social upheaval and labor movements. The era ended with increasing tensions and instability, culminating in the Russian Revolution of 1917, as discontent grew among the peasantry, urban workers, and intellectuals against the ruling elite.