19th century physics

Nineteenth-century physics was marked by a search to understand the nature of matter, energy, and forces. Key developments included the formulation of thermodynamics, which explained heat and energy transfer, and electromagnetism, uniting electricity and magnetism with Maxwell’s equations. Discoveries like the electron revealed subatomic structure, hinting at an atomic world deeper than visible. These advances transformed science and technology, setting the stage for twentieth-century breakthroughs. Overall, 19th-century physics laid the foundation for understanding the physical universe in both macroscopic and microscopic terms.