19th century Ottoman history

The 19th century Ottoman Empire experienced significant decline, reform, and territorial loss amid military defeats and internal challenges. Efforts like the Tanzimat reforms aimed to modernize administration, laws, and society, seeking to strengthen the state. Despite these efforts, nationalist movements and external pressures from European powers led to territorial shrinkage, such as losing Greece and parts of the Balkans. The empire struggled with economic difficulties, political instability, and uprisings, but also saw attempts at modernization and reforming institutions, laying groundwork for future changes. This period was a time of transition from a traditional empire to a more modern nation-state framework.