19th century history

The 19th century was a time of rapid change, marked by the Industrial Revolution, which transformed economies with new machinery and factory work. It saw empires expanding through colonization and competition among nations, especially in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Political ideas like nationalism and democracy grew, leading to revolutions and the unification of countries like Germany and Italy. Advances in science and technology, including trains and telegraphs, connected people more than ever. Despite progress, the century also faced conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars, the American Civil War, and wars of colonization, shaping the modern world order.