19th Century Catholicism

19th-century Catholicism was shaped by responses to rapid societal changes, political upheaval, and the challenges of modernity. It reinforced traditional doctrines like the authority of the Pope and the importance of church teachings. The period saw significant movements, including the Catholic revival, increased missionary activity, and the creation of new doctrines such as papal infallibility (defined in 1870). The church also confronted nationalism, industrialization, and secular ideologies, often reaffirming its role as a moral and social authority amid a changing world. This era laid foundations for the church’s modern structure and global presence.