12th century Germany

In 12th-century Germany, the region was part of the Holy Roman Empire, a complex political entity composed of numerous semi-independent states. Society was largely feudal, with kings, princes, bishops, and nobles holding power locally. Cities like Cologne and Mainz grew as centers of commerce and culture. The period saw the rise of Gothic architecture and universities, such as Heidelberg. Religious influence was strong, shaping daily life and politics. Despite fragmentation, Germany experienced economic growth, increased literacy, and cultural achievements, setting foundations for future developments in medieval Europe.