12th-century architecture

12th-century architecture, prominent in the Romanesque period, features sturdy, rounded arches, thick walls, and small windows, creating solid, fortress-like structures. Buildings like churches and castles emphasized durability and religious symbolism. Barrel and groin vaults allowed for larger interior spaces, while decorative stone carvings often depicted biblical scenes. The style reflects a transition from earlier Roman influences, blending functionality with detailed craftsmanship. Overall, 12th-century architecture showcases a balance between strength and artistry, with a focus on memorial and spiritual purposes that shaped many enduring European monuments.